Assessing And Improving A Learning Environment

Assessing And Improving A Learning Environment I graduated with Diploma of Nursing seven years ago. After graduated, I work in general surgical ward for five years. Later I went to Middle East to work for a year. Back in Middle East I worked in an oncology ward. Currently I work as a clinical instructor with one of the nursing private college in Kuching. The practical placements for the students are one of the hospitals here. Now, I am attached to the oncology wards, which consists of two wards with thirty beds each. The students that came for their clinical practices are from year one to year three. At the same time, they are other students from other college attach here too. The maximum numbers of students entering the ward are only fifteen per ward. In this assignment I am going to write about how my current workplace is a good learning environment and how to improve it. According to Hood and Leddy, (2003) learning process is a dependant on an interchange between the learner and environments. Since the ward restricts the amount of students, the ward is a conducive place to learn. They do not have to fight for procedures since everyone would have adequate experiences. This is an advantages compare to other wards at the hospital. Learning materials such as pamphlet and drug books are also available at the nursing counters for the staff and students to read. The latest updates or protocols are also displayed in the notice board. To support the learning, it is better if there is a library in the unit or within the hospital compound. With library available, it would provide the staff and the student, books and journals not only from local publisher but also from overseas. Ajuwon, (2003) thinks that computers and internets are important in medical education. In my current ward they are no computers or even internet connection is provided. It is difficult for the students or the ward staff to access information or knowledge during working hours. Through surfing the internet it will enhance their level of knowledge and understanding. Not only for internet access, it would make patients data and records much more accessible. I believe if computers are provided here, the learning process would be more accessible not only for students but also for the staffs. At the same time the students will not assume the role of the instructor as their walking encyclopaedia as student would be more self directed. Ogier, (1986) mentions that the staff nurse is part of the student nurse clinical practice. In my ward the staff nurses are keen to teach the nursing students. They dont mind spending their time to explain and guide the students. Sometimes they will even approach the students if they are keen to do some procedures under their guidance. In my opinion the student have to be more active in their learning. Sweeney, (1986) notes that in nursing clinical practice the better approach for teaching is the student should be more student centred than teacher centred. I always encourage my student to be more initiative and active in their learning. For example when they find some interesting cases, instead of asking me immediately about it, I will ask them to look for the information first and we will discuss again once the information is gathered. I find out by using this method their level of understanding would be more compared to when I would just explaining the subject immediately. Brown, (2009) concluded that interdisciplinary collaboration would enhance learning and prepare the students for their collaborative interactions in their future employment. In my current workplace, the physiotherapist, dietician and social worker would come and review the patient twice a week. I think, if the students could tag them around for a day, the students would benefit a lot. The students would gain new knowledge and would be expose to how other departments worked. Quinn, (1995) argues that learning in clinical placement is much more meaningful and relevant than classrooms. Specialist ward round or grand round are done twice a week. During this time the oncologist, radiologist and pharmacist would do their clinical round together. The students are encouraged to join the round. During these rounds a lot of knowledge would pass around as the three groups including nurses would discuss about patient care and disease. Sometimes the specialist would stay after the ward round just to do bedside teaching with the students. Nursing is all about lifelong learning. Bahn, (2007) mentions that if nurses stops learning, they would not be able to keep up with changes and adapt themselves. There is two way of learning which is informal or formal learning. Spouse, (2000) defines informal learning as learning takes place outside of formal learning but still within the learners learning context. Spouse also mentions that handover reports, report writing and social interactions among colleagues are one way of informal learning. Before the shift starts students are not allowed to touch the patient without listening to the handover. They are encouraged to write down the reports and listen to the handover at the same time. Laird, (1985) mentions that effective learning will be taken place when all sense are stimulated. His study found out that hearing is the second most effective way of learning after seeing. Before the end of the shift I always gather the student for a short discussion. Usually I will pick one stude nt to present her or his patient to the other students. The student will also share their experience among themselves and at the same time if they have any queries it could be clarified there and then. Examples, a first timer student doing dressing would share her experience with the other students and they will do post mortem together under my guidance. Bahn, (2007) agrees that nurse need to continue learning to ensure for safe nursing practice. One of formal learning that available here is continuous nursing education (CNE). CNE is held every first Friday of the month. The talk would be given by nurse educators, ward sisters or by fellow doctors sometimes. From here the staff and students can get their latest updates in nursing care and gain new knowledge. This CNE is important especially for the nursing students since they did not learn in depth about care of patient with chemotherapy and radiotherapy in classrooms. Last month, few of my students manage to attend CNE with the title of Oral care for patient with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Later they shared the knowledge with the rest of their peers. Not only exchange of knowledge and experience happens, but at the same time their level of understanding increase by the act of explaining. Knowles, (1990) agrees that adult should be given proactive approach to learning which involves them in decision making. Most of my students that came here are year one students that had never been into clinical placement. What they had is only theory and minimal practical knowledge. The only practical knowledge they had is hands on the mannequin in skills lab. Humanist believe that people will learn by their own when their need arise. Based on that belief, when students undergo clinical placement, they will be forced to learn skills in order to adapt to their surroundings. Examples are the skills of taking blood pressure. Taking blood pressure is an essential skill for every nurse, without that skill they will not be able to function in their practice area. The students only learn how to take blood pressure in theory and because of that when they came for their practical they have to pick up the skills. Honey and Mumford, (1992) says they are four ways of learning, which are pragmatist, activist, theorist and reflector. I had given the Learning Style Questionnaire (LSQ) to a group of six of first year students. From there I found out majority of them are pragmatist. According to Honey and Mumford, a pragmatist is where the student learns by doing. I showed and ask them to play around with the sphygmomanometer to familiarise themselves with the equipment. Later I showed them the correct way to take the blood pressure by using one of the students as the model. After that, I paired them and rotate each other to take their own blood pressure. Once they are confident enough, I will let them to try to the patient. By doing this, the student would grasp the idea of blood pressure taking. Bloom, (1956) had identified three learning domains which is cognitive, affective and psychomotor. The students need to improve their cognitive because they are lack of knowledge. They have the skills and attitude but most of them cant tell me the rationale or why certain things need to be done in that way. Students need to be more self directed in their own education. Darbyshire, (1993) mentions that not all nursing students are motivated to become self directed and autonomous in their learning. I believe the way for teaching my students are a mixture of student centred and teacher centred learning. If the students depend too much on me as their clinical instructors, they will not be able to use their critical thinking and decide their own learning needs. At the same time, the students need to be told of what and how to learn. In my opinion the students need to slowly transform their own learning from spoon feeding method to an independent leaner in order to have established a strong foundation and to build self confidence for a more effective self directed study later. Gopee, (2008) says that nursing students should be slowly guided into adult learning. The role model that I had chosen is one of my colleagues, Clinical Instructor JV. She is one of my colleagues that also attached to the oncology ward here. Previously she had worked for nearly ten years as a staff nurse in oncology clinic in one of the hospital here. Gray and Smith, (2000) mentions a good mentor is a good role model as they are professional, organised, caring and self confident. I admire her way of work and how she handle the students. She is approachable and open to new ideas. Both of us always discuss how to improve our student learning. I also always ask her advice on how to overcome my problems with the students. Previously she used to be so strict with the students till the students are so scared of her. She is also easily irritated with the weaker students. When she realise that her teaching method is not appropriate she changed her method to a different way. JV also has good rapport with the ward sister and the ward staff. Every morning she will have small ta lk with the staff before starting our work. I believe my working place is a good place for learning environment. Although there are some areas to improve, especially in physical environment of the ward, learning still can take place. The attitude of the leaner also need to change. They have to be more initiative and not depending too much on their clinical instructor to feed them.

Diverse Racial Experience Essay

The chapter by Ruth Frankenberg entitled, â€Å"Introduction: Points of Origin, Points of Departure†, argues that the way one is perceived in society drastically changes their experience and advantage over others. Therefore, white women are often distinguished by their whiteness which gives them a more diverse racial experience (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 1). With being white comes various additional components that set it apart from the other raced women of the world. Moreover, being a white woman automatically links them to a more favourable position of superiority in the way that they are often identified. This means that they get certain benefits by being white, as colonialism positioned them to have a large portion of control and authority over others. This provides them with the advantage to define the public and its individual beings the way they believe or want it to be. Moreover, they see their whiteness as a normative position in society that is invisible. Frankenberg`s goal is to make whiteness visible so that a white person can identify that they have an advantage over a person of colour by virtue of their skin. She also takes into consideration the intersectionality of class, culture, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality in a white racialized body (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 1). Colonization is an important factor to Frankenberg because of how it uncovers the concept of whiteness and how it subsequently became associated to a position of authority and power. In the article `The Murder of Pamela George`, the author observes that history of colonial violence permitted white men to annex land that did not belong to them and treat it as though they were entitled to it (Razack, 2004 ,pp.127). This perception has perpetuated the control and authority of white people throughout history. A critique in the second wave of feminism made white feminists reconsider what and for whom they were advocating. The movement of feminism was envisioned to include all women but it only targeted one specific group of white middle class women. This occurred because the women could only see there suffering from their particular standpoint. This is seen in the article â€Å"The Problem That Has No Nameâ€Å" by Betty Friedan since she assumes that all women are homogeneous and all have the same lived experiences. She does not consider race, class, and sexuality as a factor in feminism (1997). White women mostly consider their whiteness as undetectable and thus not subject to racism (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 3). These white feminists in the second wave were unintentionally being racist towards other women; this made them unsure about how to precede and resolve this issue (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 4). Frankenberg educated herself about racism by positioning herself to learn from the standpoint of women of colour. Enakshi Dua stated in her article that, in order to understand how race and gender are interconnected one has to listen to the lived experiences of women of colour (2005, pp. 64). Frankenberg followed this method formulating questions that she wanted to investigate to find out how racism affects a white women`s life and how society propagates racism through societal means. After answering these questions Frankenberg proceeded to figure out how white women can fight against racism. Most white women believe that their race is invisible and do not realize that it gives them a distinct experience in the world. This is because the dominant class structures society and thus normalizes whiteness. White women and women of colour have distinct experiences that are subject to how they experience racism. Whiteness is socially constructed and it does affect a white women`s life. However, white women usually tended to regard racism as something that has no effect on them and that women of colour only have to live through (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 6). This belief does not put the onus on the white people and it does not identify the perpetrator of the subjection. Racism does not just happen, it is constructed (Tim Wise 2005). Therefore, it impacts the lives of white women which makes race and gender intersectional for all women not just women of colour. There is a denial in the observations that there is one specific dominating male gender. There is also an abundance of only white women`s experiences by this masculine hegemon. After women realized that the world view did not only have to be seen on a male standpoint the world started to shift views (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 8). Women of colour now want to focus on a standpoint from a radicalized point of view in order to stop racism. Moreover, since white people are the oppressors they cannot see how their situation is reinforcing racism. People of colour are the oppressed and know exactly how they are underprivileged. Subsequently, women of colour were the first to see how gender, race and class forms a persons experience in life (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 8). White women did not see their race as something that was constructed. They did not see themselves as racialized because they were coming from a position of privilege. This position for a white person was normalized throughout American history. Therefore, in order to deconstruct race white women have to admit it is something that affects them (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 11). Race is in a fluid motion and changes constantly with society because it is an economic and political construct. Historically, the white dominance was vindicated because of false biological account that white people were superior (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 13). This biology justified colonization as well as the enslavement of people of colour that soon followed. The justification shifted to culture as the reason that made people inferior and if they integrated with American culture they would achieve success on merit like white people. However, this belief kept blaming people of colour for their position in society.People of colour were first seen as different from white people, then there was an embrace of colour blindness, and finally people realized that they needed to be able to see the differences in society so they can explain them. This last movement’s purpose was to make people aware of race; this was led by the people of colour themselves. They did not want to be invisible because there situation was not improving because people were ignoring the underlying problem. The racialization of people of colour and white people was constructed with colonization. The European culture was embedded into the way the United States constructed its country. This constructed whiteness as belonging and being a person of colour as an outsider (Dua 2005, pp. 60). The dominant western culture –which was white- positioned itself to dominant over the other races. This created the standard citizen that belonged and made people of colour not included in the so called superior western culture. Frankenberg`s argument illuminates how the dominant class rationalized whiteness as not being racialized. Colonization formed the dominant race and reproduced it through society. By normalizing whiteness the white people did not need to consider how it benefited them and subsequently how it negatively affected people of colour. By naming whiteness, Frankenberg will be able to pinpoint how that perception can change so that people can be equal even with there differences. In conclusion, by admitting that white people are racialized will assist anti-racist feminists in their mission to stop the racialization of all people. This would stop white people from believing that they are the only ones that belong in North America and eventually create a system based on meritocracy rather then privilege by virtue of a persons skin.

Top Praxis Essay Examples Reviews!

Top Praxis Essay Examples Reviews! The Unusual Secret of Praxis Essay Examples You are going to have a more clear perspective about how to approach this issue available. Have a good idea of what you need to accomplish, and create it like you were teaching another person. From time to time, the best method to learn and understand new information is by way of seeing and understanding work which is already completed. There are a number of ways to do so and you'll want to utilise all your abilities. Key Pieces of Praxis Essay Examples To distinguish between the kinds of essays is only a matter of identifying the author's objective. Writing a high school essay if you've got the tips about how to do essay effectively. You're able to use narrative essay examples high school to find out more. High school essay examples incorporate a number of short essays like narrative, persuasive and analytical. Possessing good essay examples provides the reader an in-depth and on-the-court idea about what a well structured and coherent essay appears like. At length, if you are going to write and essay but have very little knowledge or interest in the topic, don't forget that there are lots of custom essay writers which will gladly do the task for you. If you're to really gain from model essays, you want to understand how to read the techniques of the writer'. All essays will have a certain topic that's either one you choose or one which is provided for you. The Downside Risk of Praxis Essay Examples A fantastic persuasive argument will use the latest data and data from verified sources. You may also be penalized for presenting the info from samples as your own. You will then have to approach the subject by gathering, generating, and evaluating credible sources to back up your evidence. For your debate to be a strong one you always need to double check to see whether there are enough data and information which can back up your viewpoint. What You Should Do to Find Out About Praxis Essay Examples Before You're Left Behind The first thing you're likely to have to do is to pick a topic that has more than one clear side. The issue is that once students start, they neglect to keep the remainder of the paper interesting. It is crucial to mention that the idea doesn't need to be a good one. If you are in possession of a good idea and you wish to be straightforward and introduce it immediately as it is unique, do what you would like. The Little-Known Secrets to Praxis Essay Examples Many institutions argue that standard textbooks continue to be the thing to do. The ways students ought to be taught about their well-being. The methods to use social media to raise students' productivity. The methods to improve the social responsibility of students. High school essay writing is a typical classroom activity and is also part of several regular examinations. Man y people think that high school entrance essays are comparatively less difficult to write than college entrance essays, that's the reason there are fewer places where you could get assistance with higher school entrance essays. Therefore, it's important to ensure your high school entrance essay is well organized. The sample high school admission essays we've got on our page can be useful to you or your pals. You may use the samples as a foundation for working out how to write in the suitable style. 1 photo essay idea I have always wished to try is to photograph one landmark from a number of different vantage points. The problem here is that it takes so many parts of paper to write just a single textbook. Ultimately, the detail of true speech makes the scene pop. The Do's and Don'ts of Praxis Essay Examples In conclusion, it looks like assignment essays continue to get a prominent part in tertiary education as an assessment tool. There's several essays completed by them. Af ter which, it's going to be simpler for you to start. The Importance of Praxis Essay Examples When you're writing, attempt to prevent employing the exact words and phrases over and over again. Narration is telling a story from a particular viewpoint, and there is normally a reason behind the telling. Expository essay utilizes formal language to go over someone or something. Essay writing examples in doc format like the ones given may help direct you in writing a superior composition. When selecting high school essay format, the initial step is to spot the sort of essay you want to write. The principal portion of a brief essay is known as the body. In this manner, you are going to have an optimal essay in which you aren't becoming the one-sided moderator. Bridget's essay is quite strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Stephen's essay is quite effective. The very first sentence of the essay has to be interesting enough to create the reader read on. To compose an impressive short essay, especially during an examination, you have to be in a position to hit the question and give a straightforward answer while at the exact same time observing the most suitable structure of an essay. First and foremost it's vital to be sure you comprehend the essay question fully and your essay answers each part of the question adequately. Though the conclusion paragraph comes at the conclusion of your essay it ought not be considered an afterthought. You should develop a notion and offer some evidence. You'll also be advised about what to include and what things to avoid, in your thesis statement. A great thesis statement will accomplish precisely the same thing.

Invisibility in I, Too, Sing America Essay - 1110 Words

Invisibility in I, Too, Sing America Ralph Ellisons novel Invisible Man, focuses around the main character (whom we only know as Narrator) claiming himself as invisible. The narrator does not refer to himself as invisible in the light that nobody can physically see him, but instead that nobody sees him for what kind of person he truely is. The poem, I, Too, Sing America, written by Langston Hughes, also focuses around the invisiblity (but in more of an indirect way) of a black slave. Although the two peices seem completely different upon first view, the ideas of both are the same. Both the poem and novel relate to eachother through race and the invisibilyof the main characters portrayed. I, too, sing America is the†¦show more content†¦Although the narrator is dubbed a citizen, he gets abused and treated extremely unfairly. For example, when he is made to fight other black teens in a battle royal. The fight is a pure show of disrespect and abuse to the black citizens of the country. The narrator struggles to get away from second class citizenship and become a real part of America. The poem, I, Too, Sing America, is about a black slave who is a servent to a white family. (The type of slave who lives indoors; cooking, cleaning, and doing general indoor house chores.) He/She says that whenever company comes over to the house, he is sent into the kitchen to eat (but in the eats well and grows strong). Tomorow, as the narrator states, nobody will ask him to eat in the kitchen, and the whites will see how beautfiul he is, and be ashamed. The book is roughly the same story; about a young black man struggling to gain an identity in a very racial, white society. The poem, seemingly about a slave eating dinner, really represents slavery and the African peoples progress since slavery. Sending the narrator to eat in the kitchen is a sign of disrespect and failure to see past skin color. Slavery went on for years and years, but the slaves grew strong in hope that they would one day be free (like in the poem, And grow strong.). The next verse of the poem is about how tomorrow, noone will dare send the him into the kitchen, and that they will be ashamed and see how beautiful he is.Show MoreRelatedThe Reoccurring Blues Music And The Blindness Of The Book The Song 1453 Words   |  6 PagesTrouble I ve Seen† by Louis Armstrong, Louis sings â€Å"Sometimes I m up, sometimes I m down, ohh, yes Lord Sometimes I m almost to the ground, oh yes, Lord Nobody knows the trouble I ve seen†. The narrator claims â€Å"Perhaps I like Louis Armstrong because he s made poetry out of being invisible† (Ellison, 10). This statement by the narrator is ironic because the narrator is literally being told that society is blinded to the problems African Americans are facing every day, but he is too blinded himselfRead MoreSight and Blindness in The Invisible Man Essay exa mple2451 Words   |  10 Pagesliving in. By looking at instances in which vision is of great consequence, the most central themes of the novelÂâ€"sight and blindnessÂâ€"can be analyzed. Beginning in the prologue, the narrator shows to the reader how he is invisible. He tells us, I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me (3). He insists that people cannot see him, not because of their physical eyes, but because of their inner eyes, which is a reference to their thoughts on race. Since he is a black manRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesTiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography

Changes In The Middle Ages - 1510 Words

The Middle Ages The Middle Ages was a time of prosperity, innovation, and growth of Europe. It lasted between 1000 A.D.E to 1500 A.D.E. Many things were invented that helped revolutionize Europe and some still help us today. It was the time of new agriculture, the revival of trade, the growth of cities, the rise of industry and guilds, papal states, new rulers, new religious orders, new architecture, universities, vernacular literature, and The Black Death. In the Early Middle Ages, Europe had a small population. In the High Middle Ages, the population doubled from 38 million to 74 million people. This made the need for food and farms increase dramatically. Food production increased due to a couple of key factors. One of the factors being†¦show more content†¦They were followed by craftspeople and artisans. In the 1100s and the 1200s, the old Roman cities came alive with new population and growth. Medieval cities were small compared to ancient or modern cities. A large Medieval trading city would hold about 5,000 people. Italian cities tended to be very large, the biggest cities had around 80,000 people. Most towns were closely tied near the land because they depended on the food grown near the surrounding manors. The development of guilds happened. A guild was a group of craftspeople with a certain skill. Guilds played a big role in the economic life of cities. By the 1200s there was a guild for almost every craft and separate guilds for specialized groups of merchants, such as dealers in silk, spices, or wool. Craft guilds directed almost every aspect of the production process. They set the standards for the quality of the articles produced, specific methods of production to be used, and even fixed the price at which the finished goods could be sold. Guilds also determined the number of people who could enter a specific trade and the procedure they must follow to do so. Since the 5th century, the popes of the Catholic Church had claimed supremacy over the affairs of the Church. They had also gained control of territories in central Italy that came to be known as the Papal States. This control kept the popes involved in political matters, often at the expense of their spiritual duties. At theShow MoreRelatedChanges During The Middle Ages982 Words   |  4 PagesChanges in Europe From 1250-1650 This is the period was the height of the middle ages, renaissance, the reformation, and European explorations of the Americas and continuously evolved. During the middle ages, there was a huge economic boom. The Renaissance underwent significant changes such as education and art which transformed the culture. The reformation caused wars between the Catholic and Protestant rulers. The European explorations of the Americas were caused by increased wealth from the RenaissanceRead MoreThe Changes in the Catholic Church during the High Middle Ages972 Words   |  4 Pageschurch was undergoing a cleansing process regarding the different religions that were practiced. Now, women were active participants in the spiritual movements of the age. The amount if women joining religious houses increased rapidly as new orders spread throughout the twelfth century. Mysticism reached new heights in the High Middle Ages. Mysticism gave people the chance to achieve an intuitive and emotional relat ionship with God. People believed in idea that people could be able to touch or attainRead MoreHow Much Did Castles Change in the Middle Ages and Why?1581 Words   |  5 Pagesthat castles were built all over England in major towns. 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Read MoreThe Pardoners Prologue And Tale By Chaucer Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pagesgain, which was relevant in society during the Middle Ages. In Chaucer’s story, the Pardoner uses his influence and tells a tale of three men to convince the people to pay for him to pardon their sins. Chaucer’s tale and story is often used to emphasize the moral values in our society. There are many points in the tale that are based on the theme of greed being the cause of all evil in humanity, and the Middle Ages was a period of great societal change in Europe. â€Å"The Pardoner’s Prologue and Tale†Read MoreDeclining Health for Middle Aged Adults Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Changes for the Middle Aged Adult As we age, we experience many changes that can affect us both physically and emotionally. Middle age adults have many health concerns that they need to be aware of and they must be proactive about addressing these concerns before they have adverse effects on their health. Some physical concerns middle age adults should be concerned with include hyperlipidemia, hypertension and stroke. Physical health concerns can often be linked to psychosocial healthRead More Middle Adulthood Essay711 Words   |  3 PagesMiddle adulthood is a complex time period that requires a multidimensional outlook to understand all of the processes and changes that are taking place. The many changes during middle adulthood include physical, cognitive and social differences. Many of these changes create significant stress and it is important to understand ways of coping with the anxiety. Many of these coping mechanisms include mindfulness and cultivating a sense of self-efficacy and mastery (pg. 482). T here are many changes

Industry Structures Free Essays

A rise In global markets will usually generate an increase in return off livestock, this can increase the local prices. Local bodies or lobby groups like National Farmers Federation, Sheep Cooperative Research Centre, Department of Agriculture for Fisheries and Forestry and Meat and Livestock Australia help to maintain a reasonably simple trading system. In this report it was shown that the future has potential and with the support of the producers and industries behind the live trade of lamb things will pick up and move on in favor of the market over time. We will write a custom essay sample on Industry Structures or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction The lamb Market is a volatile market with many highs and lows, this is a mature market with a constant and promising future to come. In the report It will cover; the main markets and end use applications for the product, monitoring the market and change of supply and demand patterns over the years. It will identify the future 1 OFF and overseas. The report will also cover how and what the industry agencies do to protect the lamb market for Australia. Main Markets and End Uses There is a growing export demand for both lamb and mutton, with China being the largest export destination for Australia followed by India, Kuwait and Italy (IBIS, 2013) Australia’s sheep flock is the second largest in the world although the flock has been wringing and Australia is the largest exporter of lamb according to IBIS world report. Producers sell prime lamb and mutton to meat processing markets or export markets. A rise in global markets will usually generate an increase in return off livestock due to more numbers being sold and cost increasing for them. In relation to sales of lamb and mutton, the average Australian consumes around 1 1 keg of lamb and mutton every year (IBIS, 2013) BARES estimates and annual increase of 3. 1% for lamb and 6. 1% increase for mutton over the four years through to 2016-17. (IBIS, 2013) Figure 1. Lamb utilization and retail price (ML, 2013) Supply and Demand Patterns Whilst there are large countries Australia’s population is growing, therefore the demand for meat is on the rise and lamb being a popular meat and a substitute for others such as beef and chicken. In 2011-2012 Australia exported 49 percent of all lamb and 97. 5 percent of all mutton produced in Australia, the total value of these lamb exports was 1. 094 million. Around 19,240 Australian broad acre farms are classified as lamb around 19,240 Australian broad acre farms are classified as lamb producers the majority of these farmers are mixed enterprise, a substantial reapportion of their income coming from cropping, beef cattle, sheep and wool, as well as from the sale of lambs. Lamb producers generally sell their lambs to slaughter houses, feedlots or export. Around 9400 slaughter lamb producers earn more than 20 per cent of their total farm receipts from the sale of slaughter lambs and are classified as specialist slaughter lamb producers. With the numbers of lamb sitting steady we can see. Key Competitors Competition for the Australian Lamb Market is continually increasing from overseas buyers and investors, despite remaining one of the largest and most valuable market for lamb. The reasons for this include a challenging domestic consumer market and strong growth in overseas markets, this is due to the decrease in the Australian dollar decreasing. (ML, 2012) New Zealand is one of Australia’s closest competition in the trade market. The sheep flock in the United States has been declining in recent years, to the point that as at the beginning of 2012, it was the lowest in over a century, at 5. 35 million head. With ongoing widespread drought in the US there is currently little prospect of this pattern reversing, although the majority of the US flock is in the less- affected north-western states. Industry Structures and Policy Frameworks There are a couple of barriers to entry this includes capital investment and securing finance as new producers need to purchase land, fencing materials and livestock. The government and the livestock export industry are working cooperatively with trading partners to address post-arrival welfare concerns and to improve the Ongoing involvement in the livestock export trade provides an opportunity to influence animal welfare conditions in importing countries. The Department is Jointly funding a number of projects with the live export industry to improve infrastructure ND training to promote better animal handling and slaughter practices. Australia is the only country that requires specific animal welfare outcomes for livestock exports. Ongoing involvement in this trade provides an opportunity to influence animal welfare conditions in importing countries. This legislation was an important step by the Government to overhaul the livestock export trade. Arrangements to ensure exported animals are well treated during road and sea transportation are an important part of the standards. Ships must comply with strict rules about ventilation, drainage and provision of water and food. Each animal must have access to food and water on demand and enough space to lie down, and there must be special pens for sick animals to receive veterinary care ‘Under the Australian Meat and Live-stock Industry Act 1997, a report on the carriage of livestock on any sea voyage to a port outside of Australia must be tabled in each House of Parliament every 6 months. (ML, 2013) Future Industry Challenges With the recent ban on live trade out of Australia this could be a potential future challenge for the livestock industry. The live trade of livestock is of great importance o both regional and rural Australia and is vital to the red meat industry. (Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry, 2013) Since the mid sass’s the livestock export tr ade has grown significantly to become a vital component of Australia’s agricultural export earnings. Live exports are a legitimate trade providing farmers with a valuable alternative to domestic slaughter. Some people maintain that live trade of Australian livestock should be banned and a preference for frozen or chilled meat to be exported. Chicken being one of the most popular meats means that there is intention for the lamb market, beef also is a competitor for the local lamb markets and export markets as chicken is common in Asian countries. Industry Agencies and Bodies Meat and Livestock Australia – ML delivers marketing and research and development services for Australia’s cattle, sheep and goat producers. ML creates opportunities for livestock supply chains from their combined investments to build demand and productivity. Department of Agriculture for Fisheries and Forestry – Supplying research and development in the agricultural sector, monitoring political and industrial sectors to keep the agricultural sector on top of the game. State Agricultural sectors – supplying information related to research and development that is relevant to the state body and the farmers related National Farmers Federation – ‘The NEFF is the peak body representing farmers, made up of state commodity councils and farm organizations, and is a powerful voice for agriculture politically (National Farmers Federation, 2013) Sheep Cooperative Research Centre (Sheep CRY) – The role of the CRY is to facilitate transformation of the sheep industry through making sheep easier to manage, developing the production and processing of meat and wool to meet increasing consumer How to cite Industry Structures, Essays

Economic Growth of Housing Price

Question: Discuss about the Economic Growth of Housing Price. Answer: Introduction: This article summarizes the various issues that are influencing the long-run growth of housing price in Australia. From the duration of 1980s, inflation of housing prices largely followed the prevailing interest rate of the economy that was comparatively high and unstable. Subsequently, the monetary deregulation of the mid 1980s and deflation in the period of the beginning year of the 1990s led to easier access finance underpinned a secular increase in households debt-to-income ratio that was closely associated with high housing prices from the early 1990 to mid 2000. This article is explores the long-run trends in the housing prices at Australian real estate market. In this, the changes in the prices of houses for long run are explained through the application of primary drivers of housing price growth. This article includes an analysis over the housing price growth in long run through understanding of fundamental drivers. Below are the main messages of this article: Supply and demand Concept: The main focus of this article is to understand the house price growth in long run through applying the law of demand and supply. By applying this law, the growth in prices of house is explained. It is concluded that gap in demand and supply is the key aspect that has played prominent role in making certain changes in the housing prices at Australia. By applying this law, house prices movement in long run is determined significantly. Stock-flow model is considered highly important to study both demand and supply side factors for understanding the long-run trend in the housing prices at Australian real estate market. Demand side factor: There are several factors identified significant in terms of increasing demand and consequently housing prices in long run at Australia. Deregulation of financial sector, low inflation rate and low interest rate have played critical role in increasing access of Australians over the houses that caused rise in prices. Apart from this, population growth is also determined as an important factor, which has caused an increase in the housing prices in Australia. In Australia, natural increase in the population along with an increase in net immigration is a considerable cause of high housing prices. Similarly, cyclical factors mainly monetary policies has played critical role in driving the housing prices in short run. Supply side factors: This article explains supply side factors, which has played critical role in influencing the general price level of the houses in Australia for the long run. The influence of increasing demand over the prices largely depends on the response of supply. If supply also rises with the demand than it is less probability of increasing prices. In short run, it is difficult to improve supply as per the changes in the demand due to the complex nature of developing new dwelling and houses. A considerable time and fund are critical to construct more houses, which is responsible for pumping new supply in the market. An increase construction cost and improvement in the quality of infrastructure development have caused stability in the number of completed dwellings over the past thirty years. This article indicates that supply of house in long run was low than the demand that has caused rise in housing prices in the significant manner. Debt-to-income ratio: This article also examines the relationship between debt-to-income ratio and the rise in housing prices at Australia over the last the three decades. It is identified in this article that low inflation raised the real income and consumer confidence that has made positive impact on the debt-to-income ratio. The growth of housing prices in Australia is closely associated with the rise in debt-to-income ratio. People showed a tendency to offset their less ability to purchase houses by taking high debt than their income, which have played critical role in strengthen the demand and consequently prices of houses in Australia over the last few decades. Thus, the above messages are provided in this article by applying range of economic concepts to understand the factors for driving housing prices in long run within the Australian real estate market. The housing prices in Melbourne are overheated in the recent years like other commodity prices, which are primarily determined by the demand and supply factors. The different factors that are responsible for growing housing prices in Melbourne are discussed as below: Interest Rate: At any level of price, lower interest rates entail with lower mortgage of repayment which attracts the borrowers to borrow more money. This causes the demand of housing has increased and housing prices is going further high. Because the lower interest rate increases the flow money in economy and increases the demand of assets. On the other hand, if the interest goes up than housing demand will ease and the prices will remain stable. In Australia, the interest rates are low, which increases the demand of money for the borrowers to invest in property. This leads to the rise in housing prices in Melbourne. In Australian economy, the interest rates cut down from 1980s through the global economic recession (Yates, 2011). During 1995-96, there was a moderate rise in interest rate and after that it also fell and remained continue lower till recent. Lower interest rate contributed a lot in increasing housing prices over past years in Melbourne. Due to the lower interest rate household debts to GDP in Australia has been increased, which is represented in the below graph: The above graph presents that the household debts to GDP is continuously increasing from 1995s due to lower interest rate. It presents that the demand of houses in Melbourne is increasing because the low interest rate has increased the capacity of buying houses. Investment Demand: Since 1995, investment in housing in Australia has increased, which has become an important driver of increasing house prices. The Reserve Bank of Australia pointed out that since 2001 the investors had increased the continuing price rise in housing market, which is supported by liberal tax benefits. In 2002, the loan approvals for investment grow by 113 percent against 48 percent for the vendor residential (Rahman, 2014). The socio-demographic factors, tax benefits, increasing rental income, institutional development, and broader expansion in economy and capital market have contributed in increasing investment demand for housing. Moreover, the investment in property is preferred as a secure and risk free investment, which has increased the demand and price of houses in Melbourne (Hensher et al, 2012). General Demand and Supply: The increasing need of housing in Melbourne is not based on the provisional factors but substantially based on shifting of population. Melbourne is an industrial and educational hub, which attracts to the immigrants for investment and high education. These immigrants need to houses for living but Melbournes building industry is not capable to construct enough housing units per annum due to lack of qualified people, and building permit process. In Melbourne, the demand is estimated 170,000 housing units per annum but supply is 140,000 housing units per annum (Sweeney, 2016). Furthermore, it is observed that the middle household size is declining due to boost in single person and single parent households that influenced the demand of new houses. Overall, the increased population and lesser households implied an increasing demand of housing, which is known a major determinant of increasing house prices. Due to increased demand and lower supply, the prices of houses are increasing contin ually in Melbourne City. As a result, it is predicted that the prices of houses and apartment will continue to rise over next 3-4 years and more. Economic Growth: There is a positive relation between housing demand and household income. In Melbourne, the household income is increasing rapidly over the time. In 2005-06, the household incomes are 10% higher in comparison of 2003-04 and higher than 34% in comparison of 1994-95. This increasing household income or economic growth increases the wealth of an individual and capability of investment in property (Rahman, 2014). Generally, in every society, Housing is considered as a major store of wealth, which is called wealth effect and leads to an increase in expenditure. As a result, economic growth makes an individual housing affordable that supports housing prices through a self-reinforcing series. Impacts of buyers tax on the equilibrium housing prices, consumer surplus, producer surplus, and total surplus (or social welfare) The effect of tax on the supply-demand equilibrium housing prices is to shift the demand for houses in Melbourne. It is determined by subtracting the before tax demand with the before tax supply (Varian, 2014). The following diagram shows the effects of buyers tax on the equilibrium housing prices: From the above diagram, it can be exhibited that quantity traded before the tax imposed has denoted as qB. But, when the tax is imposed by the government on housing, then the buyer must pay the higher prices due to increase in the cost of housing. And, this amount will be equal to the tax. Moreover, the unique quantity is denoted by qA and the price that buyer pays is denoted as pD. Further, the seller receives that amount is deducted from the taxes and it is shown as pS. Following are another diagram that shows the impact of buyers tax on welfare: Note: C+E depicts the fall in total surplus In addition to this, it is analyzed that buyer taxes on housing prices have a negative impact on the consumer surplus, producer surplus, and social welfare. In this way, it is stated that consumer surplus falls because the prices of housing for the buyers has risen in Melbourne. Further, producer surplus falls due to increasing in the cost of goods and services. Further, the difference is demonstrated by shading and it shows the lost gain from the sale of the unit which is not traded due to buyers tax (McAfee and Lewis, 2015). It is also called deadweight loss because it determines those trades that have not been done due to the tax burden on buyers. It is measured by subtraction of the value of buyers from the cost of the unit to the seller. Moreover, the net loss gains from the sale are depicted by the black point in the diagram. Along with this, buyers tax has a negative impact on the social welfare because the demand for housing is low in the Melbourne economy due to tax burden ( Canto, et al., 2014). Further, due to the tax burden, people do not create interest to buy the houses in Melbourne. As a result, it declines the total surplus in the housing market in Melbourne. An increase in buyers tax will impact on both consumer and producer. If the buyers tax increases than the cost of the product will increase. It will not only decrease the surplus of customer but also the surplus of seller will remain stable (Castellucci et al, 2012). For example, the government increases the buyer tax of $1 on a product than the seller will take it from its customers. In this system, the surplus of the customer will reduce and the increased tax of $1 will be paid to the government. Therefore, the increased buyer tax will not be beneficial for the society. As sales tax, income tax, and corporate tax the buyers tax also raises the revenue of city government. This tax is charged from the customer on its total purchasing. If, the buyers tax on commodities increases than the revenue of the government also increases (Mankiw, 2012). For example, when the government increases $2 as buyer tax from the customer on a particular commodity, than the government revenue will also increase on each purchasing unit of that commodity. The government of UK, USA and Australia are having different housing policies such demand side policies and supply side policies to stabilize the housing market in their economy. These policies are discussed as below: Supply Side Policies: The central or local governments of UK subsidized to private housing builders to build more houses in that area where it is shortage of new houses. This government had also build public housing policies to avail low cost houses in large cities to low paid workers. However, it is a long process and takes many years to locate a territory and undertake the necessary planning for construction but it is an appropriate policy to increase the supply of new houses in the economy. Furthermore, the governments of UK and USA countries are relaxing house building regulations and giving concessions on taxes to builders to decrease the cost of construction and increase the affordable housing plans. These government policies may be helpful in increasing the supply of affordable houses in the country and can stabilize the bubbling prices of houses. The policy of tax concession may encourage the builders to build houses on less regulated territories, which are waiting to develop. Hence, these policie s may boost the investment in new property and improve housing affordability through increase in supply (Hutchens, 2016). Demand Side Policies: The government or monetary authority of an economy may implement a series of policies including the change in deposit requirements, interest rate, affordability of housing, and variable rate of mortgages that can influence the demand of houses in a country (Kulish et al, 2012). At the time of purchasing, the house purchaser could be required a smaller or bigger deposit. In general trend, if the prices is much high than the buyer will require a larger deposit, which will prevent sub-prime buyers from the market who have not sufficient large amount. For instance, all new house purchasers could be forced to put down 25 percent of the total purchase price and remaining 75 percent will take out from mortgage. Further, on average basis the first time purchasers will put down 10 percent deposit and remaining 90 percent will be borrowed. Furthermore, the Bank of England increases or decreases the rate of interest if the prices of houses are contributing in general inflation and deflation. However, the government of UK not focuses directly on housing prices it considers only changes in interest rates if housing prices are going in inflation or deflation to stabilize the housing market. In addition, the borrowers might be switch from the variable mortgage interest rates to fixed interest rate that can impact the housing market of a country. Additionally, the government of Australia providing affordable housing policies to access sustainable and safe housing that contributes in economic and social participation of the country (Australian Government, 2016). From the above discussion, it can be suggested that government of Melbourne should increase interest rate and also increase the supply of new houses through various housing plans. Because, if the interest rate increases than the borrower will take less money from banks and will invest less in property. Moreover, in Melbourne the supply of new houses is less rather than demand therefore the increased supply can manage the gap between demand and supply that may stop the increasing prices of houses. Hence, both the interest rate and supply policies may be beneficial to stabilize the housing market of Melbourne. References: Australian Government (2016) National Affordable Housing Agreement. [Online]. Available at: https://www.dss.gov.au/housing-support/programmes-services/national-affordable-housing-agreement (Accessed: 7 January 2017). Canto, V. A., Joines, D. H., and Laffer, A. B. (2014)Foundations of supply-side economics: Theory and evidence. USA: Academic Press. Castellucci, L., Markandya, A., and Piga, G. (2012) Environmental Taxes and Fiscal Reform. USA: Springer. Hensher, D. A., Truong, T. P., Mulley, C., and Ellison, R. (2012) Assessing the wider economy impacts of transport infrastructure investment with an illustrative application to the North-West Rail Link project in Sydney, Australia.Journal of Transport Geography,24(3), pp. 292-305. Hutchens, G. (2016) Labor's negative gearing changes would help stabilise housing market: McKell Institute. [Online]. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/may/27/labors-negative-gearing-changes-would-help-stabilise-housing-market-mckell-institute (Accessed: 7 January 2017). Kearns J and P Lowe (2011) Australias Prosperous 2000s: Housing and the Mining Boom, The Australian Economy in the 2000s, Proceedings of a Conference, Reserve Bank of Australia, Sydney. 2(2), pp. 73100. Kulish, M., Richards, A., and Gillitzer, C. (2012) Urban structure and housing prices: Some evidence from Australian cities.Economic Record,88(282), pp. 303-322. Mankiw, N. G. (2012) Essentials of Economics. USA: Cengage Learning. McAfee, R. P., and Lewis, T. R. (2015) Introduction to Economic Analysis. [Online]. Available at: https://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/13?e=mcafee-ch05_s01 (Accessed: 7th January 2016). Rahman, M. M. (2014) Australian Housing Market: Causes and Effects of Rising Price. [Online]. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228384641_Australian_housing_market_causes_and_effects_of_rising_price (Accessed: 6 January 2017). Schwab, A. (2016) The property market is completely bonkers and so are you to buy into it. [Online]. Available at: https://www.crikey.com.au/2016/07/29/australias-property-market-in-mother-of-all-bubbles/ (Accessed: 6 January 2017). Sweeney, N. (2016) Why Melbournes Properties Will Keep on Rising. [Online]. Available at: https://www.yourinvestmentpropertymag.com.au/market-analysis/why-melbournes-properties-will-keep-on-rising-79693.aspx (Accessed: 6 January 2017). Varian, H. R. (2014)Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. USA: WW Norton Company. Yates, J. (2011) Housing in Australia in the 2000s: on the agenda too late?. InThe Australian Economy in the 2000s, Proceedings of a Conference, Reserve Bank of Australia, Sydney, 2(3),pp. 261-296.